History of computer science and networking,

junaid ahmad history of computer science networkingThe world's first modern computer, in Manchester in 1948, was followed remarkably swiftly by the first business software, but by 1968 software was in crisis and NATO called a conference. The problems were diagnosed, solutions were proposed - and largely ignored. A second Software Crisis was announced in the early 1980's and again the effective solutions were considered impractical and the practical solutions were largely ineffective. Meanwhile as Moore's Law predicted, hardware costs continued to fall exponentially, making software systems ubiquitous and leading to a third software crisis, this time of cybersecurity. When you think of a computer, you no doubt think of a screen and a keyboard, or a touchscreen tablet, or maybe a supercomputer taking up the entire floor of some major laboratory somewhere but the idea of the computer in history goes back to some of the most ancient monuments crafted by human hands. From Stonehenge to the IBM Q System One, at their core the purpose of these things remains the same: to relieve the human mind of the tedious task of repetitive mental calculation and since civilization first arrived on the scene, computers came with it. Not every major advance in computer technology was a machine, however. Just as important, if not more so, were several major innovations in human abstract reasoning. Things like recording figures in wet clay to clear up mental space for other more advanced operations and the realization that mathematical computations can work together to accomplish even more complicated computational tasks so that the result is greater than the sum of the sums and differences of the parts. Without human reasoning, computers are little more than unproductive paperweights.